Understanding embryo genetic testing
PGD & PGS.
Informed choices before transfer.
You may know it as PGD or PGS. Today, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) describes several different tests that can provide information about embryos during IVF. Here is what they can—and cannot—tell you.
The names have changed
Three tests. Different questions.
The right test depends on the information you need. These tests are not interchangeable, and choosing one does not mean you need all three.
PGT-A
Chromosome number screening
Screens a sample of embryo cells for extra or missing chromosomes (aneuploidy). It does not test for every genetic condition or measure every aspect of embryo health.
The value of routine PGT-A for all IVF patients has not been established. Discuss the evidence and the potential benefits and limitations for your situation.
PGT-M
Testing for a specific inherited condition
Tests embryos for a known single-gene condition in a family. A genetics team usually needs to confirm the genetic change and develop a case-specific testing plan before IVF.
May be considered when there is a known risk of an inherited condition. Carrier screening and genetic counseling help determine whether testing is appropriate.
PGT-SR
Testing related to chromosome structure
Looks for unbalanced chromosome changes when a parent has a known structural rearrangement, such as a translocation or inversion.
A genetic counselor can explain what the chosen test can detect, its limitations, and whether it can distinguish a balanced carrier from a non-carrier embryo.
What to expect
How testing fits into an IVF plan
Your timeline depends on the test and laboratory. Custom testing can add preparation time, so discuss genetic testing before starting a cycle.
Discuss your history and testing goals
Review your medical history, family history, and any genetic results. Your fertility doctor and genetic counselor help clarify which test, if any, could answer your questions.
Plan IVF and any laboratory preparation
Eggs are retrieved and fertilized, and embryos develop in the laboratory. Some types of testing require custom preparation before the IVF cycle can begin.
Biopsy suitable embryos
A small sample of cells is usually taken from the outer layer of a blastocyst-stage embryo. Embryos are generally frozen while the genetic laboratory analyzes the samples. Not every embryo will be suitable for biopsy.
Review results and plan next steps
Discuss results, including any mosaic or inconclusive findings, with your care team. If an embryo is selected for transfer, your doctor develops a transfer plan and discusses prenatal testing options.
A balanced conversation
More information does not mean a guarantee
Understand the limitations
PGT studies a small sample of cells, not the whole embryo. Results may be inconclusive or mosaic, and false-positive or false-negative results are possible. Biopsy, freezing, and thawing carry risks, including the possibility that an embryo may not remain suitable for transfer.
Testing does not guarantee pregnancy or a healthy baby. Depending on your situation, it may leave fewer embryos to consider for transfer. Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing should still be discussed during pregnancy.
Ask about your complete estimate
Our published complete ivf package is $18,300 and covers IVF + frozen embryo transfer (FET) + PGT genetic testing. Confirm the test type, number of embryos covered, and any separate biopsy or laboratory charges.
Custom testing for a known genetic condition or chromosome rearrangement may involve additional preparation and costs. Medications, monitoring, pre-testing, and other services depend on your selected package.
Review treatment pricingCompare IVF approachesThis page provides general education, not a diagnosis or an individualized treatment recommendation. Your fertility specialist and genetic counselor can help you weigh the benefits, risks, alternatives, and implications for your family.
A little more clarity
Your questions, answered
Are PGD and PGS the same as PGT?
PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis) and PGS (preimplantation genetic screening) are older terms. PGT is the current umbrella term. PGT-A evaluates chromosome number; PGT-M tests for a specific single-gene condition; and PGT-SR evaluates unbalanced changes associated with structural chromosome rearrangements.
Does every IVF patient need genetic testing?
No. Testing is a choice made after reviewing your medical and family history, available embryos, goals, and the evidence for your situation. Routine PGT-A has not been shown to benefit every IVF patient. Your care team should discuss alternatives, possible risks, and costs before you decide.
Can PGT guarantee a healthy baby or a successful pregnancy?
No. PGT only assesses the conditions or chromosome findings covered by the specific test. It cannot rule out all genetic conditions, birth defects, or pregnancy complications, and it does not guarantee implantation or a live birth. Embryo biopsy, freezing, and testing also have limitations and risks.
What does a mosaic or inconclusive result mean?
A mosaic result suggests a mixture of chromosome findings in the sampled cells; an inconclusive result means the laboratory could not provide a clear interpretation. The sample may not fully represent the embryo. These findings require individualized discussion with your fertility team and a genetic counselor rather than a simple yes-or-no interpretation.
Will I still need prenatal screening or diagnostic testing?
PGT does not replace prenatal care. Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing should still be offered and discussed with your obstetric and genetics teams, including options to confirm a PGT result when appropriate.
How much does embryo genetic testing cost?
Morgan Fertility lists a $18,300 complete IVF package covering IVF + frozen embryo transfer (FET) + PGT genetic testing. Confirm the specific test, embryo allowance, and exclusions in your written estimate. PGT-M and PGT-SR may require separate laboratory work, counseling, or custom test development; do not assume these are included in a standard package.
Here when you are ready
Have questions about genetic testing?
Bring your family history, carrier screening results, or previous IVF records. We will help you understand the questions to discuss with your fertility doctor and a genetic counselor.